Survey on healing effects of Salvia officinalis on the experimental wound in the pigeon (Columba livia domestica); Histopathological Study

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Navideh Mirzakhani 1
Naser Vajdi
Saied Seifi 2
1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol- Iran
2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol- Iran
10.22034/ijvcs.2025.14973.1113
Abstract
Wound healing has been important for a long time, and using medicinal plants to speed up this procedure has always appealed to mankind. Salvia officinalis possesses antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effects of ointment containing Salvia officinalis essential oil (SOO) on the excisional full-thickness experimental wounds of pigeons. For this purpose, 18 healthy pigeons were utilized and two full-thickness 5-millimeter diameter cutaneous wounds were induced on the dorsal area of their neck. Then they were classified into 3 groups, control (Eucerin ointment), SOO2% (Eucerin ointment containing EOO 2%), and SOO 4% (Eucerin ointment containing SOO4%). Every day the wound surface of all groups was covered by the ointment for 14 days. On days 3, 7, and 14 after wound induction, macroscopical analysis of the wound surface was performed and then biopsy specimens were dissected and further investigations were conducted. Macroscopical observation revealed the faster healing process of the wounds in the groups treated by SOO, especially SOO4% on all days. Moreover, microscopical examinations supported the macroscopic results indicating less inflammation, better neovascularization, notable re-epithelialization, and more mature granulation tissue production and collagen deposition in the area of wound healing in SOO-treated animals, specially, SOO 4% on all experiment days. We can conclude that the administration of Salvia officinalis essential oil can be effective in wound healing and can accelerate healing process.
Keywords
Salvia officinalis
Pigeon
Wound
skin
Histopathology
1.  Atiyeh B, Ioannovich J, Al-Amm C, El-Musa K. Management of Acute and Chronic Open Wounds: The Importance of Moist Environment in Optimal Wound Healing. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2005;3(3):179–95.
2.  Ghahary A, Ghaffari A. Role of keratinocyte-fibroblast cross-talk in development of hypertrophic scar. Wound Repair Regen. 2007;15(SUPPL. 1):1–2.
3.  Manzuoerh R, Farahpour MR, Oryan A, Sonboli A. Effectiveness of topical administration of Anethum graveolens essential oil on MRSA-infected wounds. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:1650–8.
4.  James FZachry MdM. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2012. 135–145 p.
5.  Singh S, Young A, McNaught CE. The physiology of wound healing. Surg (United Kingdom). 2017;35(9):473–7.
6.  Farahpour MR, Pirkhezr E, Ashrafian A, Sonboli A. Accelerated healing by topical administration of Salvia officinalis essential oil on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infected wound model. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;128(November 2019).
7.  Abu-Darwish MS, Cabral C, Ferreira I V., Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Cruz MT, et al. Essential oil of common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) from Jordan: Assessment of safety in mammalian cells and its antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013.
8.  Abderrabba M, Perrin D. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Salvia officinalis L. Oil from Two Culture Sites in Tunisia. J Essent Oil Res. 2006;18(5):553–6.
9.  Baricevic D, Sosa S, Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Simonovska B, Krasna A, et al. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia officinalis L. leaves: the relevance of ursolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75(2–3):125–32.
10.       Karimzadeh S, Farahpour MR. Topical application of Salvia officinalis hydroethanolic leaf extract improves wound healing process. Indian J Exp Biol. 2017;55(2):98–106.
11.      Feugate, J.E., Li, Q., Wong, L., Martins-Green, M. The CXC chemokine, cCAF, stimulates differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and accelerates wound closure. J Cell Biol. 2002; 156:161–172.
12.      Feugate, J.E., Wong, L., Li, Q.J., Martins-Green, M. The CXC chemokine, cCAF, stimulates precocious deposition of ECM molecules by wound fibroblasts, accelerating development of granulation tissue. BMC Cell Biol. 2002; 3:13.
13.      Martins-Green, M. The chicken chemotactic and angiogenic factor (cCAF), a CXC chemokine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol; 2001; 33:427–432.
14.      Martins-Green, M., Feugate, J.E. The 9E3/CEF4 gene product is a chemotactic and angiogenic factor that can initiate the wound-healing cascade in vivo. Cytokine. 1998;10:522–535.
15.      Harsum, S., Clarke, J.D., Martin, P. A reciprocal relationship between cutaneous nerves and repairing skin wounds in the developing chick embryo. Dev Biol. 2001; 238:27–39.
16. Sengel, P. Effect of tyrosine on pigmentation of feather germ of embryonic chick skin cultured in vitro.. C RSeances SocBiol Fil. 1955; 149:1479–1482.
17.      Gallin, W.J., Hepperle, B. Burn healing in organ cultures of embryonic chicken skin: a model system. Burns. 1998; 24:613–620.
18.      Ejaz S, Chekarova I, Cho JW, Lee SY, Ashraf S, Lim CW. Effect of aged garlic extract on wound healing: a new frontier in wound management. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2009;32(3):191-203.
19.      Mirzakhani N, Farshid AA, Tamaddonfard E, Tehrani A, Imani M. Comparison of the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of capparis spinosa fruit, quercetin and vitamin e on monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity in rats. Vet Res Forum. 2020;11(2):127–34.
20.      Farahpour MR, Mirzakhani N, Doostmohammadi J, Ebrahimzadeh M. Hydroethanolic Pistacia atlantica hulls extract improved wound healing process; evidence for mast cells infiltration, angiogenesis and RNA stability. Int J Surg. 2015;17(May):88–98.
21.      Niwa Y, Kanoh T, Sakane T, Soh H, Kawai S, Miyachi Y. The ratio of lipidperoxides to superoxide dismutase activity in the skin lesions of patients with severe skin diseases: An accurate prognostic indicator. Life Sci. 1987;40(10):921–7.
22.      Longaray Delamare AP, Moschen-Pistorello IT, Artico L, Atti-Serafini L, Echeverrigaray S. Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia triloba L. cultivated in South Brazil. Food Chem. 2007;100(2):603–8.
23.      Hendry ER, Worthington T, Conway BR, Lambert PA. Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(6):1219–25.
24.      Ligi D, Mosti G, Croce L, Raffetto JD, Mannello F. Chronic venous disease – Part I: Inflammatory biomarkers in wound healing. Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Basis Dis [Internet]. 2016;1862(10):1964–74. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.018
25.      Landén NX, Li D, Ståhle M. Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016;73(20):3861–85.
26.      Gupta A, Singh RL, Raghubir R. Antioxidant status during cutaneous wound healing in immunocompromised rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002;241(1–2):1–7.
27.      Sen CK, Khanna S, Gordillo G, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Roy S. Oxygen , Oxidants , and Antioxidants in An Emerging Paradigm. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002;957:239–49.
28.      Güzel S, Özay Y, Kumaş M, Uzun C, Özkorkmaz EG, Yıldırım Z, et al. Wound healing properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Salvia kronenburgii Rech. f. and Salvia euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. f. var. euphratica on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:1260–76. Available
29.      Eming SA, Martin P, Tomic-Canic M. Wound repair and regeneration:  mechanisms, signaling, and translation. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6(265):265sr6.
30.      Eo H, Lee HJ, Lim Y. Ameliorative effect of dietary genistein on diabetes induced hyper-inflammation and oxidative stress during early stage of wound healing in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;478(3):1021–7.
31.      Krzyszczyk P, Schloss R, Palmer A, Berthiaume F. The role of macrophages in acute and chronic wound healing and interventions to promote pro-wound healing phenotypes. Front Physiol. 2018;9(MAY):1–22.
32.      Gurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker MT. Wound repair and regeneration. Nature. 2008;453(7193):314–21.
33.      Matsushime H, Roussel MF, Ashmun RA, Sherr CJ. Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell. 1991;65(4):701–13.
34.      Brainbridge P. Wound Healing and The Role of Fibroblast. J Wound Care [Internet]. 2013;22(8):407–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2013.22.8.407
35.      Lei K, Davis RJ. JNK phosphorylation of Bim-related members of the Bcl2 family induces Bax-dependent apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(5):2432–7.
36.      Modarresi M, Farahpour MR, Baradaran B. Topical application of Mentha piperita essential oil accelerates wound healing in infected mice model. Inflammopharmacology [Internet]. 2019; 27(3): 531–537.
37.      Saadatian M, Aghaei M, Farahpour M, Aghaei M. Chemical Compositions of Flowers extract of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in wild population from Urmia district, Iran. J Essent Oil-Bearing Plants. 2017;20(1):289–92.
38.      Khanna S, Venojarvi M, Roy S, Sharma N, Trikha P, Bagchi D, et al. Dermal wound healing properties of redox-active grape seed proanthocyanidins. Free Radic Biol Med.; 2002; 33(8): 1089–96. 
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Volume 19, Issue 1 - Serial Number 32
Spring & Summer 2025
August 2025
Pages 37-50